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| Our Culpable Climb to GRiEF (VRE) and CATASTROSTAPH | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Antibiotic marketed | S. aureus | enterococcus | pneumococcus | GNRs |
| 1928 | Fleming discovers Penicillin | ||||
| 1935 | Prontosil | ||||
| 1944 | Penicillin | ||||
| Streptomycin | 1st PRSA | ||||
| 1949 | Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines |
25% PRSA | |||
| 1954 | Erythromycin | ||||
| 1956 | Vancomycin | ||||
| 1957 | Kanamycin | ||||
| 1959 | 50% PRSA | ||||
| 1960 | Methicillin | ||||
| Metronidazole | |||||
| 1961 | Ampicillin | 1st MRSA | |||
| 1964 | 1st generation cephalosporins | ||||
| 1968 | TMP/SMX | ||||
| 1969 | Gentamicin | ||||
| 1970 | Carbenicillin | ||||
| Clindamycin | |||||
| 1975 | Tobramycin | ||||
| 1976 | Ticarcillin | ||||
| Amikacin | |||||
| 1978 | 2nd generation cephalosporins | 1st HL-AGR | 1st PRSP (Africa, France) | ||
| 1980 | 1-2% MRSA | ||||
| 1981 | 3rd generation cephalosporins | ||||
| 1982 | Piperacillin | ||||
| 1983 | 1st PRE | 1st ESBL (Germany)
CPX-R Ps a 1-2% |
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| 1985 | Suicide-Inh Penicillin | 1st VRCNStaph | |||
| Norfloxacin | |||||
| Imipenem | |||||
| 1987 | Aztreonam | 1st VRE | 5% PRSP | ||
| Cipro | |||||
| 1989 | 17% MRSA | 0.3% VRE | |||
| 1990 | Ofloxacin (1991) | ESBL Kl pn 2%
CPX-R Ps a 9-12% |
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| 1993 | Pip/tazo | 8% VRE | 12-25% PRSP | ||
| 1995 | Vancomycin use increases 2.5 times since 1987 | ESBL
4% E.Coli 9% Kl pn |
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| 1996 | Cefepime | 1st GISA (Japan) | |||
| Meropenem | 35% MRSA | ||||
| Levofloxacin | |||||
| 1997 | 1st GISA (USA) | 16% VRE | 20-40% PRSP | ||
| 1998 | CPX-R Ps a 24% | ||||
| 1999 | Q/D | ESBL Kl pn 12% | |||
| 2000 | Linezolid | 48% MRSA (UMHS)
11 GISA Worldwide (8 USA) |
12.7% VRE (UMHS) | 30% PRSP (UMHS) | 3% CTZ-R (UMHS) for E. Coli, Kl pn
CPX-R Psa 16% (UMHS) |
| Legend: | |
| PRSA | Penicillin-resistant S. aureus |
| MRSA | Methicillin-resistant S. aureus |
| VRCN | Vancomycin-resistant CN staph |
| GISA | Glycopeptide intermediately-resistant Staph aureus |
| HL-AGR | High-level aminoglycoside resistant (enterococcus) |
| Kl pn | Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| CFX-R Ps a | Ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| PRE | Penicillin-resistant Enterococcus |
| PRSP | Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| ESBL | Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase |
| VRE | Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus |
| Q/D | Quinupristin/Dalfopristin-resistant organism |
| UMHS | University of Michigan Health System |
©2002 Fathom, Inc. |